获得封面功能有点复杂，但这里有一个解决方案：

演示

更新 2016-04-03以解决特殊情况。另请参阅下面@Yousef 的评论。

/**
 * By Ken Fyrstenberg Nilsen
 *
 * drawImageProp(context, image [, x, y, width, height [,offsetX, offsetY]])
 *
 * If image and context are only arguments rectangle will equal canvas
*/
function drawImageProp(ctx, img, x, y, w, h, offsetX, offsetY) {

    if (arguments.length === 2) {
        x = y = 0;
        w = ctx.canvas.width;
        h = ctx.canvas.height;
    }

    // default offset is center
    offsetX = typeof offsetX === "number" ? offsetX : 0.5;
    offsetY = typeof offsetY === "number" ? offsetY : 0.5;

    // keep bounds [0.0, 1.0]
    if (offsetX < 0) offsetX = 0;
    if (offsetY < 0) offsetY = 0;
    if (offsetX > 1) offsetX = 1;
    if (offsetY > 1) offsetY = 1;

    var iw = img.width,
        ih = img.height,
        r = Math.min(w / iw, h / ih),
        nw = iw * r,   // new prop. width
        nh = ih * r,   // new prop. height
        cx, cy, cw, ch, ar = 1;

    // decide which gap to fill    
    if (nw < w) ar = w / nw;                             
    if (Math.abs(ar - 1) < 1e-14 && nh < h) ar = h / nh;  // updated
    nw *= ar;
    nh *= ar;

    // calc source rectangle
    cw = iw / (nw / w);
    ch = ih / (nh / h);

    cx = (iw - cw) * offsetX;
    cy = (ih - ch) * offsetY;

    // make sure source rectangle is valid
    if (cx < 0) cx = 0;
    if (cy < 0) cy = 0;
    if (cw > iw) cw = iw;
    if (ch > ih) ch = ih;

    // fill image in dest. rectangle
    ctx.drawImage(img, cx, cy, cw, ch,  x, y, w, h);
}

现在你可以这样称呼它：

drawImageProp(ctx, image, 0, 0, width, height);

它将按比例缩放图像以适应该容器的内部。

使用最后两个参数来偏移图像：

var offsetX = 0.5;   // center x
var offsetY = 0.5;   // center y
drawImageProp(ctx, image, 0, 0, width, height, offsetX, offsetY);

希望这可以帮助！

如果您正在寻找适用于大多数情况的更简单的解决方案，并且还包括类似 csscontain的功能，请尝试以下操作：

function fit(contains) {
  return (parentWidth, parentHeight, childWidth, childHeight, scale = 1, offsetX = 0.5, offsetY = 0.5) => {
    const childRatio = childWidth / childHeight
    const parentRatio = parentWidth / parentHeight
    let width = parentWidth * scale
    let height = parentHeight * scale

    if (contains ? (childRatio > parentRatio) : (childRatio < parentRatio)) {
      height = width / childRatio
    } else {
      width = height * childRatio
    }

    return {
      width,
      height,
      offsetX: (parentWidth - width) * offsetX,
      offsetY: (parentHeight - height) * offsetY
    }
  }
}

export const contain = fit(true)
export const cover = fit(false)

内在比例的略微修改版本，包括比例和偏移

用法：

import {cover, contain} from './intrinsic-scale'

const {
  offsetX, 
  offsetY, 
  width, 
  height
} = cover(parentWidth, parentHeight, imageWidth, imageHeight)

// or...

const {
  offsetX, 
  offsetY, 
  width, 
  height
} = contain(parentWidth, parentHeight, imageWidth, imageHeight)

ctx.drawImage(image, offsetX, offsetY, width, height)

画布图像适合画布，如背景大小的封面和包含

const coverImg = (img, type) => {
  const imgRatio = img.height / img.width
  const winRatio = window.innerHeight / window.innerWidth
  if ((imgRatio < winRatio && type === 'contain') || (imgRatio > winRatio && type === 'cover')) {
    const h = window.innerWidth * imgRatio
    ctx.drawImage(img, 0, (window.innerHeight - h) / 2, window.innerWidth, h)
  }
  if ((imgRatio > winRatio && type === 'contain') || (imgRatio < winRatio && type === 'cover')) {
    const w = window.innerWidth * winRatio / imgRatio
    ctx.drawImage(img, (win.w - w) / 2, 0, w, window.innerHeight)
  }
}

代码笔演示

用法：

coverImg(myImage, 'cover');
coverImg(myImage, 'contain');

试试这个（基于@daviestar 的回答）：

getCanvas = function(img, w, h) {
   // Create canvas
    let canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
    let ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
    // Set width and height
    canvas.width = w;
    canvas.height = h;
    // Draw the image
    let containerRatio = h / w;
    let width = img.naturalWidth;
    let height = img.naturalHeight;
    let imgRatio = height / width;

    if (imgRatio > containerRatio) { // image's height too big
      height = width * containerRatio;
    } else { // image's width too big
      width = height / containerRatio;
    }

    let s = {
      width: width,
      height: height,
      offsetX: (img.naturalWidth - width) * .5,
      offsetY: (img.naturalHeight - height) * .5
    };
    ctx.drawImage(img, s.offsetX, s.offsetY, s.width, s.height, 0, 0, w, h);
    return canvas;
}

下面的脚本是@user1693593的参考，我做了一些修改如下

• 使用解构赋值使选项更加灵活
• 该脚本提供了一个可运行的示例，因此您不必担心找不到链接。

<script>
  function clamp(num, a, b) {
    return num > b ? b
      : num < a ? a
        : num
  }

  /**
   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx
   * @param {HTMLImageElement} img
   * @param {Number} dx
   * @param {Number} dy
   * @param {Number} dw
   * @param {Number} dh
   * @param {Number} offsetX
   * @param {Number} offsetY
   * */
  function drawImageProp(ctx, img, {dx = 0, dy = 0, dw = undefined, dh = undefined, offsetX = 0.5, offsetY = 0.5}) {

    dw = dw ?? ctx.canvas.width
    dh = dh ?? ctx.canvas.height

    // keep bounds [0.0, 1.0]
    offsetX = clamp(offsetX, 0, 1)
    offsetY = clamp(offsetY, 0, 1)

    let iw = img.width,
      ih = img.height,
      ratio = Math.min(dw / iw, dh / ih),
      nw = iw * ratio,
      nh = ih * ratio, // new prop. height
      sx, sy, sw, sh, ar = 1;

    // decide which gap to fill
    if (nw < dw) ar = dw / nw
    if (Math.abs(ar - 1) < 1e-14 && nh < dh) ar = dh / nh // updated
    nw *= ar
    nh *= ar

    // source rectangle
    sw = iw / (nw / dw)
    sh = ih / (nh / dh)

    sx = (iw - sw) * offsetX
    sy = (ih - sh) * offsetY

    // make sure source rectangle is valid
    if (sx < 0) sx = 0
    if (sy < 0) sy = 0
    if (sw > iw) sw = iw
    if (sh > ih) sh = ih

    img.onload = (event) => {
      // fill image in dest. rectangle
      ctx.drawImage(event.target, sx, sy, sw, sh, dx, dy, dw, dh)
    }
  }

  // Test Only 👇
  window.onload = () => {
    const testArray = [
      ["Default", (ctx, img)=>{drawImageProp(ctx, img, {})}],
      ["Full", (ctx, img)=>{drawImageProp(ctx, img, {offsetY:0})}], // If you don't want to it cutting from two sides, you can set "offsetY = 0" then it will cut a large part from the bottom
      ["1/2",(ctx, img)=>{drawImageProp(ctx, img, {dx:window.innerWidth/4, dy:window.innerHeight/4, dw: window.innerWidth/2, dh:window.innerHeight/2})}],
        ["3/4",(ctx, img)=>{drawImageProp(ctx, img, {dx:window.innerWidth/8, dy:window.innerHeight/8, dw: window.innerWidth*3/4, dh:window.innerHeight*3/4})}]
    ]
    for (const [testName, drawFunc] of testArray) {
      const btn = document.createElement("button")
      btn.innerText = testName
      btn.onclick = () => {
        document.querySelectorAll(`canvas`).forEach(e=>e.remove()) // remove old data
        const img = new Image(590, 470)
        img.src = "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Test.svg"
        const canvas = document.createElement("canvas")
        canvas.width = window.innerWidth
        canvas.height = window.innerHeight
        const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d")
        drawFunc(ctx, img)
        document.querySelector(`body`).append(canvas)
      }
      document.querySelector(`body`).append(btn)
    }
  }
</script>