假设原始列表包含在名为 的变量中list：

_
.chain(list)
.groupBy('type')
.map(function(value, key) {
    return {
        type: key,
        foods: _.pluck(value, 'food')
    }
})
.value();

不使用下划线：

var origArr = [
    {food: 'apple', type: 'fruit'},
    {food: 'potato', type: 'vegetable'},
    {food: 'banana', type: 'fruit'}
];

/*[
    {type: 'fruit', foods: ['apple', 'banana']},
    {type: 'vegetable', foods: ['potato']}
]*/

function transformArr(orig) {
    var newArr = [],
        types = {},
        i, j, cur;
    for (i = 0, j = orig.length; i < j; i++) {
        cur = orig[i];
        if (!(cur.type in types)) {
            types[cur.type] = {type: cur.type, foods: []};
            newArr.push(types[cur.type]);
        }
        types[cur.type].foods.push(cur.food);
    }
    return newArr;
}

console.log(transformArr(origArr));

演示： http : //jsfiddle.net/ErikE/nSLua/3/

幸得@ErikE为提高/降低我的原代码，以帮助冗余我不得不:)

这是@Ian 答案的一个稍微不同但更通用的版本

警告：结果与 OP 要求略有不同，但像我这样偶然发现这个问题的其他人可能会受益于更通用的答案恕我直言

var origArr = [
   {food: 'apple', type: 'fruit'},
   {food: 'potato', type: 'vegetable'},
   {food: 'banana', type: 'fruit'}
];

function groupBy(arr, key) {
        var newArr = [],
            types = {},
            newItem, i, j, cur;
        for (i = 0, j = arr.length; i < j; i++) {
            cur = arr[i];
            if (!(cur[key] in types)) {
                types[cur[key]] = { type: cur[key], data: [] };
                newArr.push(types[cur[key]]);
            }
            types[cur[key]].data.push(cur);
        }
        return newArr;
}

console.log(groupBy(origArr, 'type'));

你可以在这里找到一个jsfiddle

这个老问题的 ES6 解决方案：

迭代 using Array#reduce，并按组将项目收集到Map. 使用 spread 将Map#values返回转换为数组：

const data = [
    {food: 'apple', type: 'fruit'},
    {food: 'potato', type: 'vegetable'},
    {food: 'banana', type: 'fruit'},
];

const result = [...data.reduce((hash, { food, type }) => {
  const current = hash.get(type) || { type, foods: [] };
  
  current.foods.push({ food });
  
  return hash.set(type, current);
}, new Map).values()];

console.log(result);

var foods = [
    {food: 'apple', type: 'fruit'},
    {food: 'potato', type: 'vegetable'},
    {food: 'banana', type: 'fruit'}
];

var newFoods = _.chain( foods ).reduce(function( memo, food ) {
  memo[ food.type ] = memo[ food.type ] || [];
  memo[ food.type ].push( food.food );
  return memo;
}, {}).map(function( foods, type ) {
    return {
        type: type,
        foods: foods
    };
}).value();

http://jsbin.com/etaxh/2/edit