NodeJS 中的“全局”对象是什么

IT技术 javascript node.js scope this global
2021-03-01 06:07:01

我刚刚this在 NodeJS 环境中看到了关键字的奇怪行为我用代码列出它们。我用NodeJS v6.x, 用一个JavaScript文件运行了这个代码

用如下一行代码测试时,不管有没有'use strict'语句,this都指向一个空对象{}

console.log(this)

但是,当我在自执行函数中运行语句时,例如,

(function(){
  console.log(this);
}());

它正在打印一个非常大的对象。在我看来,环境创建的全局执行上下文对象NodeJS

并且在使用'use strict'语句执行上述函数时,预计它正在打印undefined

(function(){
  'use strict';

  console.log(this);
}());

但是,在使用浏览器时(我只用 测试过Chrome),前三个示例产生了window对象,最后一个undefined如预期的那样给出。

浏览器的行为是可以理解的。但是,在 的情况下NodeJS,它是否不会创建执行上下文,直到我包装在函数中?

那么,大多数代码NodeJS运行时都带有一个空的global object ?

6个回答

在浏览器中,全局范围是window对象,而在 nodeJS 中,module的全局范围是module本身,因此当您在 nodeJS module的全局范围内定义变量时,它将是该module的本地变量。

您可以在NodeJS 文档阅读有关它的更多信息,其中说:

全球的

<Object> The global namespace object.

在浏览器中,顶级作用域是全局作用域。这意味着在浏览器中,如果您在全局范围 var 中,则会定义一个全局变量。在 Node.js 中这是不同的。顶级作用域不是全局作用域;Node.js module中的 var 某些内容将是该module的本地内容。

在您编写代码时:

  • console.log(this)在一个空的 js 文件(module)中,它会打印一个{}指向你的空module的空对象
  • console.log(this);在自调用函数中,this将指向全局 nodeJS 作用域对象,该对象包含所有 NodeJS 公共属性和方法,例如require(), module, exports, console...
  • console.log(this)在自调用函数中使用严格模式,它将打印undefined为自调用函数在严格模式下没有默认的本地范围对象
@PanuLogic 声明是完全的logic,如果你想成为逻辑并且它没有误导,它是这里的事实,并且你所谈论的属性总是被所有对象继承,不值得一提它们,顺便说一下它是 Docs规格。我们在这里所说的this或全球的NodeJS对象,而不是使用Javascriptobject的定义,所以我们应着眼于这一点:)
2021-05-06 06:07:01
“... 将打印一个空对象 {},引用您的空module。” 这有点误导。一个更好的答案是下面的 Willem van der Veen。这个 { } 的值不是指“module”,而是指当前的“module.exports”-object。module (-object) 本身不是“空”的,因为它具有属性“exports”,其值是一个没有本地属性的对象,有时被称为“空对象”。但即使是这样一个“空”的对象 {} 也真的不是“空”,因为它确实有继承的属性,比如它的方法“toString()”。
2021-05-07 06:07:01

的值this的节点module中:

thisNodeJS全局范围内是当前的 module.exports 对象,而不是全局对象。这与全局范围是全局window对象的浏览器不同考虑在 Node 中执行的以下代码:

console.log(this);    // logs {}

module.exports.foo = 5;

console.log(this);   // log { foo:5 }

首先我们记录一个空对象,因为module.exports这个module中没有值然后,我们把foo该上module.exports的对象,当我们再登录this我们可以看到,它现在记录更新的module.exports对象。

我们如何访问global对象:

我们可以global使用global关键字访问节点中对象

console.log(global);

global对象公开了有关环境的各种有用属性。这也是功能setImmediate所在的地方clearTimeout

如果您想要对在任何上下文中工作的全局对象的引用,您可以this从直接调用的函数中读取const global = (function() {return this})();. window在浏览器、self服务工作者和globalnodejs 中计算为。
2021-04-21 06:07:01
这是我真正需要的答案。
2021-05-09 06:07:01
这是我要说的最准确的答案,尽管答案的标题是关于一个与最初提出的问题略有不同的问题(“节点module中 this 的值...”)。仍然对理解它最有帮助,强调“this”和“全局对象”不仅在 Node.js 中而且在 JavaScript 中都是两个不同的东西
2021-05-14 06:07:01

很有意思:

var JSON = require('circular-json');

console.log('1) ' + JSON.stringify(this, null, 2));

(function(){
    console.log('2) ' + JSON.stringify(this, null, 2));
}());

(function(){
  'use strict';
   console.log('3) ' + JSON.stringify(this, null, 2));
}());

将产生:

1) {}


2) {
  "global": "~",
  "process": {
    "title": "node",
    "version": "v6.9.1",
    "moduleLoadList": [
      "Binding contextify",
      "Binding natives",
      "NativeModule events",
      "NativeModule util",
      "Binding uv",
      "NativeModule buffer",
      "Binding buffer",
      "Binding util",
      "NativeModule internal/util",
      "NativeModule timers",
      "Binding timer_wrap",
      "NativeModule internal/linkedlist",
      "NativeModule assert",
      "NativeModule internal/process",
      "Binding config",
      "NativeModule internal/process/warning",
      "NativeModule internal/process/next_tick",
      "NativeModule internal/process/promises",                                                                                                              
      "NativeModule internal/process/stdio",                                                                                                                 
      "Binding constants",                                                                                                                                   
      "NativeModule path",                                                                                                                                   
      "NativeModule module",                                                                                                                                 
      "NativeModule internal/module",                                                                                                                        
      "NativeModule vm",                                                                                                                                     
      "NativeModule fs",                                                                                                                                     
      "Binding fs",                                                                                                                                          
      "NativeModule stream",                                                                                                                                 
      "NativeModule _stream_readable",                                                                                                                       
      "NativeModule internal/streams/BufferList",                                                                                                            
      "NativeModule _stream_writable",                                                                                                                       
      "NativeModule _stream_duplex",                                                                                                                         
      "NativeModule _stream_transform",                                                                                                                      
      "NativeModule _stream_passthrough",                                                                                                                    
      "Binding fs_event_wrap",                                                                                                                               
      "NativeModule console",                                                                                                                                
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      "NativeModule tty",                                                                                                                                    
      "NativeModule net",                                                                                                                                    
      "NativeModule internal/net",                                                                                                                           
      "Binding cares_wrap",                                                                                                                                  
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      "Binding stream_wrap",                                                                                                                                 
      "Binding signal_wrap"                                                                                                                                  
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3) undefined

3) this 中未定义的,因为它不会在严格模式下自动装箱到对象。这意味着在此上下文中没有根对象。如果你不使用严格模式,那么你的代码会被一个父作用域装箱。正如你在输出中看到的,在 nodejs 中有很多关于节点内部内容的信息。

1)输出中是一个空对象,因为在节点module的顶级代码中,这等效于 module.exports 并且在此示例中 module.exports 为空。

节点环境中的全局上下文文档开始

在浏览器中,顶级作用域是全局作用域。这意味着在浏览器中,如果您在全局范围 var 中,则会定义一个全局变量。在 Node.js 中这是不同的。顶级作用域不是全局作用域;Node.js module中的 var 某些内容将是该module的本地内容。

每个 JS 文件都被视为一个module。Node 会自动将 JS 文件的代码包装在 self IIFE 中,并将其exports, require, module, __filename, __dirname作为函数的参数。

下面是使用的执行上下文的屏幕截图 node-debug

节点调试

如果你运行下面的代码,打印出true这意味着 在 node.js 中thisexports最好在这个答案中解释

console.log(this === exports);

这意味着在执行时,代码在 Node.js 中被包装了类似于下面的内容,使用包装器函数 context将您的代码与全局上下文分开

  var context = (function (exports, require, module, __filename, __dirname) {
       console.log(this) //This is my code
  });

  var module = {exports:{}};
   context.apply(module.exports, [module.exports, require, module, "FILE_NAME", "DIR_NAME"]);

对下一点的回答完全参考本文档

与其他语言相比,函数的 this 关键字在 JavaScript 中的行为略有不同。严格模式和非严格模式也有一些区别。

所以当你执行这段代码时

(function(){
  console.log(this);
}());

打印global对象并在use strict模式下打印undefined


记住:

在浏览器中,函数不像在节点中那样被 IIFE/包装器函数上下文包装,它直接在window对象上执行因此,调用上下文因 Node.js 和浏览器而异。

也读这个

global是对 NodeJS 中真正的全局作用域对象的引用,有点像window在浏览器 JS 环境中使用。

global.studentName = 'Kyle'

console.log(`Hello, ${ global.studentName }!`)
// Hello, Kyle!

console.log(`Hello, ${ studentName }!`)
// Hello, Kyle!