以下是另一个答案的更优雅的解决方案，更适合现代浏览器。

我的理由是，如果您需要对旧浏览器的支持，您很可能已经使用了像 jQuery这样的库，因此这个问题毫无意义。

/**
 * Takes a form node and sends it over AJAX.
 * @param {HTMLFormElement} form - Form node to send
 * @param {function} callback - Function to handle onload. 
 *                              this variable will be bound correctly.
 */

function ajaxPost (form, callback) {
    var url = form.action,
        xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();

    //This is a bit tricky, [].fn.call(form.elements, ...) allows us to call .fn
    //on the form's elements, even though it's not an array. Effectively
    //Filtering all of the fields on the form
    var params = [].filter.call(form.elements, function(el) {
        //Allow only elements that don't have the 'checked' property
        //Or those who have it, and it's checked for them.
        return typeof(el.checked) === 'undefined' || el.checked;
        //Practically, filter out checkboxes/radios which aren't checekd.
    })
    .filter(function(el) { return !!el.name; }) //Nameless elements die.
    .filter(function(el) { return el.disabled; }) //Disabled elements die.
    .map(function(el) {
        //Map each field into a name=value string, make sure to properly escape!
        return encodeURIComponent(el.name) + '=' + encodeURIComponent(el.value);
    }).join('&'); //Then join all the strings by &

    xhr.open("POST", url);
    // Changed from application/x-form-urlencoded to application/x-form-urlencoded
    xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");

    //.bind ensures that this inside of the function is the XHR object.
    xhr.onload = callback.bind(xhr); 

    //All preperations are clear, send the request!
    xhr.send(params);
}

以上所有主流浏览器均支持，IE9及以上。

这是我用来做你想做的事情的一个漂亮的函数：

HTML：

<form action="/cs/Satellite">...</form>
<input type="button" value="Vote now" onclick="javascript:AJAXPost(this)">

JS：

function AJAXPost(myself) {
    var elem   = myself.form.elements;
    var url    = myself.form.action;    
    var params = "";
    var value;

    for (var i = 0; i < elem.length; i++) {
        if (elem[i].tagName == "SELECT") {
            value = elem[i].options[elem[i].selectedIndex].value;
        } else {
            value = elem[i].value;                
        }
        params += elem[i].name + "=" + encodeURIComponent(value) + "&";
    }

    if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {
        // code for IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari
        xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest();
    } else { 
        // code for IE6, IE5
        xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
    }

    xmlhttp.open("POST",url,false);
    xmlhttp.setRequestHeader("Content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
    xmlhttp.setRequestHeader("Content-length", params.length);
    xmlhttp.setRequestHeader("Connection", "close");
    xmlhttp.send(params);

    return xmlhttp.responseText;
}

现在使用FormData是最简单的方法。您使用对Form元素的引用来构造它，它会为您序列化所有内容。

MDN在这里有一个例子——大致如下：

const form = document.querySelector("#debarcode-form");
form.addEventListener("submit", e => {
    e.preventDefault();
    const fd = new FormData(form);
    const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
    xhr.addEventListener("load", e => {
        console.log(e.target.responseText);
    });
    xhr.addEventListener("error", e => {
        console.log(e);
    });
    xhr.open("POST", form.action);
    xhr.send(fd);
});

如果你想把它作为一个对象（JSON）：

const obj = {};
[...fd.entries()].forEach(entry => obj[entry[0]] = entry[1]);

扩展 Madara 的回答：我必须进行一些更改才能使其在 Chrome 47.0.2526.80 上运行（未在其他任何设备上进行测试）。希望这可以节省一些时间。

此代码段是对该答案的修改，并进行了以下更改：

• 过滤器!el.disabled，
• 在排除之前检查输入类型 !checked
• 请求类型为 x-www-form-urlencoded

结果如下：

function ajaxSubmit(form, callback) {
    var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
    var params = [].filter.call(form.elements, function (el) {return !(el.type in ['checkbox', 'radio']) || el.checked;})
    .filter(function(el) { return !!el.name; }) //Nameless elements die.
    .filter(function(el) { return !el.disabled; }) //Disabled elements die.
    .map(function(el) {
        return encodeURIComponent(el.name) + '=' + encodeURIComponent(el.value);
    }).join('&'); //Then join all the strings by &
    xhr.open("POST", form.action);
    xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
    xhr.onload = callback.bind(xhr);
    xhr.send(params);
};

策略是序列化表单并使用 XHR 发送数据，然后对响应执行您想要的操作。在 Matt Krus 的Ajax Toolbox和相关的Javascript Toolbox 中有一组很好的实用程序和帮助。

如果您只是对发布的表单进行序列化，那么以下内容就可以解决问题。它可以很容易地扩展到包括其他表单控件类型：

var serialiseForm = (function() {

  // Checkboxes that have already been dealt with
  var cbNames;

  // Return the value of a checkbox group if any are checked
  // Otherwise return empty string
  function getCheckboxValue(cb) {
    var buttons = cb.form[cb.name];
    if (buttons.length) {
      for (var i=0, iLen=buttons.length; i<iLen; i++) {
        if (buttons[i].checked) {
          return buttons[i].value;
        }
      }
    } else {
      if (buttons.checked) {
        return buttons.value;
      }
    }
    return '';
  }

  return function (form) {
    var element, elements = form.elements;
    var result = [];
    var type;
    var value = '';
    cbNames = {};

    for (var i=0, iLen=elements.length; i<iLen; i++) {
      element = elements[i];
      type = element.type;

      // Only named, enabled controls are successful
      // Only get radio buttons once
      if (element.name && !element.disabled && !(element.name in cbNames)) {

         if (type == 'text' || type == 'hidden') {
          value = element.value;

        } else if (type == 'radio') {
          cbNames[element.name] = element.name;
          value = getCheckboxValue(element);

        }
      }

      if (value) {
        result.push(element.name + '=' + encodeURIComponent(value));
      }
      value = '';

    }
    return '?' + result.join('&');
  }
}());