启动 STM32F4 所需的最有效方式/最少代码是什么?来自ST的启动文件似乎有很多不必要的代码。
启动 STM32F4 所需的最少代码?
您可能不想使用供应商提供的启动代码。人们这样做的原因很少:
创建更高效或不那么臃肿的代码。有供应商代码不满足的特殊要求。你想知道东西是如何工作的。您需要某种通用代码,以在许多不同的 MCU 中使用。你想要完全控制你的过程。等等..
以下仅适用于 C 程序(无 C++、异常等)和 Cortex M 微控制器(无论品牌/型号)。我还假设您使用 GCC,尽管与其他编译器可能没有或几乎没有区别。最后我使用newlib。
链接器脚本
首先要做的是创建链接描述文件。你必须告诉你的编译器如何安排内存中的东西。我不会详细介绍链接描述文件,因为它本身就是一个主题。
/*
* Linker script.
*/
/*
* Set the output format. Currently set for Cortex M architectures,
* may need to be modified if the library has to support other MCUs,
* or completelly removed.
*/
OUTPUT_FORMAT ("elf32-littlearm", "elf32-bigarm", "elf32-littlearm")
/*
* Just refering a function included in the vector table, and that
* it is defined in the same file with it, so the vector table does
* not get optimized out.
*/
EXTERN(Reset_Handler)
/*
* ST32F103x8 memory setup.
*/
MEMORY
{
FLASH (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x00000000, LENGTH = 64k
RAM (xrw) : ORIGIN = 0x20000000, LENGTH = 20k
}
/*
* Necessary group so the newlib stubs provided in the library,
* will correctly be linked with the appropriate newlib functions,
* and not optimized out, giving errors for undefined symbols.
* This way the libraries can be fed to the linker in any order.
*/
GROUP(
libgcc.a
libg.a
libc.a
libm.a
libnosys.a
)
/*
* Stack start pointer. Here set to the end of the stack
* memory, as in most architectures (including all the
* new ARM ones), the stack starts from the maximum address
* and grows towards the bottom.
*/
__stack = ORIGIN(RAM) + LENGTH(RAM);
/*
* Programm entry function. Used by the debugger only.
*/
ENTRY(_start)
/*
* Memory Allocation Sections
*/
SECTIONS
{
/*
* For normal programs should evaluate to 0, for placing the vector
* table at the correct position.
*/
. = ORIGIN(FLASH);
/*
* First link the vector table.
*/
.vectors : ALIGN(4)
{
FILL(0xFF)
__vectors_start__ = ABSOLUTE(.);
KEEP(*(.vectors))
*(.after_vectors .after_vectors.*)
} > FLASH
/*
* Start of text.
*/
_text = .;
/*
* Text section
*/
.text : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.text)
*(.text.*)
*(.glue_7t)
*(.glue_7)
*(.gcc*)
} > FLASH
/*
* Arm section unwinding.
* If removed may cause random crashes.
*/
.ARM.extab :
{
*(.ARM.extab* .gnu.linkonce.armextab.*)
} > FLASH
/*
* Arm stack unwinding.
* If removed may cause random crashes.
*/
.ARM.exidx :
{
__exidx_start = .;
*(.ARM.exidx* .gnu.linkonce.armexidx.*)
__exidx_end = .;
} > FLASH
/*
* Section used by C++ to access eh_frame.
* Generaly not used, but it doesn't harm to be there.
*/
.eh_frame_hdr :
{
*(.eh_frame_hdr)
} > FLASH
/*
* Stack unwinding code.
* Generaly not used, but it doesn't harm to be there.
*/
.eh_frame : ONLY_IF_RO
{
*(.eh_frame)
} > FLASH
/*
* Read-only data. Consts should also be here.
*/
.rodata : ALIGN(4)
{
. = ALIGN(4);
__rodata_start__ = .;
*(.rodata)
*(.rodata.*)
. = ALIGN(4);
__rodata_end__ = .;
} > FLASH
/*
* End of text.
*/
_etext = .;
/*
* Data section.
*/
.data : ALIGN(4)
{
FILL(0xFF)
. = ALIGN(4);
PROVIDE(__textdata__ = LOADADDR(.data));
PROVIDE(__data_start__ = .);
*(.data)
*(.data.*)
*(.ramtext)
. = ALIGN(4);
PROVIDE(__data_end__ = .);
} > RAM AT > FLASH
/*
* BSS section.
*/
.bss (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4)
{
. = ALIGN(4);
PROVIDE(_bss_start = .);
__bss_start__ = .;
*(.bss)
*(.bss.*)
*(COMMON)
. = ALIGN(4);
PROVIDE(_bss_end = .);
__bss_end__ = .;
PROVIDE(end = .);
} > RAM
/*
* Non-initialized variables section.
* A variable should be explicitly placed
* here, aiming in speeding-up boot time.
*/
.noinit (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4)
{
__noinit_start__ = .;
*(.noinit .noinit.*)
. = ALIGN(4) ;
__noinit_end__ = .;
} > RAM
/*
* Heap section.
*/
.heap (NOLOAD) :
{
. = ALIGN(4);
__heap_start__ = .;
__heap_base__ = .;
. = ORIGIN(HEAP_RAM) + LENGTH(HEAP_RAM);
__heap_end__ = .;
} > RAM
}
您可以直接使用提供的链接描述文件。需要注意的一些事项:
这是我使用的链接描述文件的简化版本。在剥离过程中,我可能会在代码中引入错误,请仔细检查。
由于我将它用于除您之外的其他 MCU,因此您必须更改 MEMORY 布局以适合您自己的布局。
您可能需要将下面链接的库更改为与您自己的链接。在这里它链接到 newlib。
向量表
您必须在代码中包含一个向量表。这只是一个函数指针的查找表,硬件将在中断的情况下自动跳转到该表。这在 C 中很容易做到。
看看下面的文件。这适用于 STM32F103C8 MCU,但很容易根据您的需要进行更改。
#include "stm32f10x.h"
#include "debug.h"
//Start-up code.
extern void __attribute__((noreturn, weak)) _start (void);
// Default interrupt handler
void __attribute__ ((section(".after_vectors"), noreturn)) __Default_Handler(void);
// Reset handler
void __attribute__ ((section(".after_vectors"), noreturn)) Reset_Handler (void);
/** Non-maskable interrupt (RCC clock security system) */
void NMI_Handler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** All class of fault */
void HardFault_Handler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak));
/** Memory management */
void MemManage_Handler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** Pre-fetch fault, memory access fault */
void BusFault_Handler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** Undefined instruction or illegal state */
void UsageFault_Handler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** System service call via SWI instruction */
void SVC_Handler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** Debug monitor */
void DebugMon_Handler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** Pendable request for system service */
void PendSV_Handler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** System tick timer */
void SysTick_Handler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** Window watchdog interrupt */
void WWDG_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** PVD through EXTI line detection interrupt */
void PVD_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** Tamper interrupt */
void TAMPER_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** RTC global interrupt */
void RTC_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** Flash global interrupt */
void FLASH_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** RCC global interrupt */
void RCC_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** EXTI Line0 interrupt */
void EXTI0_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** EXTI Line1 interrupt */
void EXTI1_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** EXTI Line2 interrupt */
void EXTI2_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** EXTI Line3 interrupt */
void EXTI3_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** EXTI Line4 interrupt */
void EXTI4_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** DMA1 Channel1 global interrupt */
void DMA1_Channel1_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** DMA1 Channel2 global interrupt */
void DMA1_Channel2_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** DMA1 Channel3 global interrupt */
void DMA1_Channel3_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** DMA1 Channel4 global interrupt */
void DMA1_Channel4_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** DMA1 Channel5 global interrupt */
void DMA1_Channel5_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** DMA1 Channel6 global interrupt */
void DMA1_Channel6_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** DMA1 Channel7 global interrupt */
void DMA1_Channel7_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** ADC1 and ADC2 global interrupt */
void ADC1_2_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** USB high priority or CAN TX interrupts */
void USB_HP_CAN_TX_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** USB low priority or CAN RX0 interrupts */
void USB_LP_CAN_RX0_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** CAN RX1 interrupt */
void CAN_RX1_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** CAN SCE interrupt */
void CAN_SCE_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** EXTI Line[9:5] interrupts */
void EXTI9_5_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** TIM1 break interrupt */
void TIM1_BRK_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** TIM1 update interrupt */
void TIM1_UP_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** TIM1 trigger and commutation interrupts */
void TIM1_TRG_COM_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** TIM1 capture compare interrupt */
void TIM1_CC_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** TIM2 global interrupt */
void TIM2_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** TIM3 global interrupt */
void TIM3_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** TIM4 global interrupt */
void TIM4_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** I2C1 event interrupt */
void I2C1_EV_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** I2C1 error interrupt */
void I2C1_ER_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** I2C2 event interrupt */
void I2C2_EV_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** I2C2 error interrupt */
void I2C2_ER_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** SPI1 global interrupt */
void SPI1_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** SPI2 global interrupt */
void SPI2_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** USART1 global interrupt */
void USART1_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** USART2 global interrupt */
void USART2_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** USART3 global interrupt */
void USART3_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** EXTI Line[15:10] interrupts */
void EXTI15_10_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** RTC alarm through EXTI line interrupt */
void RTCAlarm_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** USB wakeup from suspend through EXTI line interrupt */
void USBWakeup_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** TIM8 break interrupt */
void TIM8_BRK_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** TIM8 update interrupt */
void TIM8_UP_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** TIM8 trigger and commutation interrupts */
void TIM8_TRG_COM_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** TIM8 capture compare interrupt */
void TIM8_CC_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** ADC3 global interrupt */
void ADC3_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** FSMC global interrupt */
void FSMC_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** SDIO global interrupt */
void SDIO_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** TIM5 global interrupt */
void TIM5_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** SPI3 global interrupt */
void SPI3_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** UART4 global interrupt */
void UART4_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** UART5 global interrupt */
void UART5_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** TIM6 global interrupt */
void TIM6_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** TIM7 global interrupt */
void TIM7_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** DMA2 Channel1 global interrupt */
void DMA2_Channel1_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** DMA2 Channel2 global interrupt */
void DMA2_Channel2_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** DMA2 Channel3 global interrupt */
void DMA2_Channel3_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
/** DMA2 Channel4 and DMA2 Channel5 global interrupts */
void DMA2_Channel4_5_IRQHandler(void) __attribute__ ((interrupt, weak, alias("__Default_Handler")));
// Stack start variable, needed in the vector table.
extern unsigned int __stack;
// Typedef for the vector table entries.
typedef void (* const pHandler)(void);
/** STM32F103 Vector Table */
__attribute__ ((section(".vectors"), used)) pHandler vectors[] =
{
(pHandler) &__stack, // The initial stack pointer
Reset_Handler, // The reset handler
NMI_Handler, // The NMI handler
HardFault_Handler, // The hard fault handler
#if defined(__ARM_ARCH_7M__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_7EM__)
MemManage_Handler, // The MPU fault handler
BusFault_Handler,// The bus fault handler
UsageFault_Handler,// The usage fault handler
#else
0, 0, 0, // Reserved
#endif
0, // Reserved
0, // Reserved
0, // Reserved
0, // Reserved
SVC_Handler, // SVCall handler
#if defined(__ARM_ARCH_7M__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_7EM__)
DebugMon_Handler, // Debug monitor handler
#else
0, // Reserved
#endif
0, // Reserved
PendSV_Handler, // The PendSV handler
SysTick_Handler, // The SysTick handler
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
WWDG_IRQHandler, // Window watchdog interrupt
PVD_IRQHandler, // PVD through EXTI line detection interrupt
TAMPER_IRQHandler, // Tamper interrupt
RTC_IRQHandler, // RTC global interrupt
FLASH_IRQHandler, // Flash global interrupt
RCC_IRQHandler, // RCC global interrupt
EXTI0_IRQHandler, // EXTI Line0 interrupt
EXTI1_IRQHandler, // EXTI Line1 interrupt
EXTI2_IRQHandler, // EXTI Line2 interrupt
EXTI3_IRQHandler, // EXTI Line3 interrupt
EXTI4_IRQHandler, // EXTI Line4 interrupt
DMA1_Channel1_IRQHandler, // DMA1 Channel1 global interrupt
DMA1_Channel2_IRQHandler, // DMA1 Channel2 global interrupt
DMA1_Channel3_IRQHandler, // DMA1 Channel3 global interrupt
DMA1_Channel4_IRQHandler, // DMA1 Channel4 global interrupt
DMA1_Channel5_IRQHandler, // DMA1 Channel5 global interrupt
DMA1_Channel6_IRQHandler, // DMA1 Channel6 global interrupt
DMA1_Channel7_IRQHandler, // DMA1 Channel7 global interrupt
ADC1_2_IRQHandler, // ADC1 and ADC2 global interrupt
USB_HP_CAN_TX_IRQHandler, // USB high priority or CAN TX interrupts
USB_LP_CAN_RX0_IRQHandler, // USB low priority or CAN RX0 interrupts
CAN_RX1_IRQHandler, // CAN RX1 interrupt
CAN_SCE_IRQHandler, // CAN SCE interrupt
EXTI9_5_IRQHandler, // EXTI Line[9:5] interrupts
TIM1_BRK_IRQHandler, // TIM1 break interrupt
TIM1_UP_IRQHandler, // TIM1 update interrupt
TIM1_TRG_COM_IRQHandler, // TIM1 trigger and commutation interrupts
TIM1_CC_IRQHandler, // TIM1 capture compare interrupt
TIM2_IRQHandler, // TIM2 global interrupt
TIM3_IRQHandler, // TIM3 global interrupt
TIM4_IRQHandler, // TIM4 global interrupt
I2C1_EV_IRQHandler, // I2C1 event interrupt
I2C1_ER_IRQHandler, // I2C1 error interrupt
I2C2_EV_IRQHandler, // I2C2 event interrupt
I2C2_ER_IRQHandler, // I2C2 error interrupt
SPI1_IRQHandler, // SPI1 global interrupt
SPI2_IRQHandler, // SPI2 global interrupt
USART1_IRQHandler, // USART1 global interrupt
USART2_IRQHandler, // USART2 global interrupt
USART3_IRQHandler, // USART3 global interrupt
EXTI15_10_IRQHandler, // EXTI Line[15:10] interrupts
RTCAlarm_IRQHandler, // RTC alarm through EXTI line interrupt
USBWakeup_IRQHandler, // USB wakeup from suspend through EXTI line interrupt
TIM8_BRK_IRQHandler, // TIM8 break interrupt
TIM8_UP_IRQHandler, // TIM8 update interrupt
TIM8_TRG_COM_IRQHandler, // TIM8 trigger and commutation interrupts
TIM8_CC_IRQHandler, // TIM8 capture compare interrupt
ADC3_IRQHandler, // ADC3 global interrupt
FSMC_IRQHandler, // FSMC global interrupt
SDIO_IRQHandler, // SDIO global interrupt
TIM5_IRQHandler, // TIM5 global interrupt
SPI3_IRQHandler, // SPI3 global interrupt
UART4_IRQHandler, // UART4 global interrupt
UART5_IRQHandler, // UART5 global interrupt
TIM6_IRQHandler, // TIM6 global interrupt
TIM7_IRQHandler, // TIM7 global interrupt
DMA2_Channel1_IRQHandler, // DMA2 Channel1 global interrupt
DMA2_Channel2_IRQHandler, // DMA2 Channel2 global interrupt
DMA2_Channel3_IRQHandler, // DMA2 Channel3 global interrupt
DMA2_Channel4_5_IRQHandler // DMA2 Channel4 and DMA2 Channel5 global interrupts
};
/** Default exception/interrupt handler */
void __attribute__ ((section(".after_vectors"), noreturn)) __Default_Handler(void)
{
#ifdef DEBUG
while (1);
#else
NVIC_SystemReset();
while(1);
#endif
}
/** Reset handler */
void __attribute__ ((section(".after_vectors"), noreturn)) Reset_Handler(void)
{
_start();
while(1);
}
这里发生了什么。- 首先我声明了我的 _start 函数,所以它可以在下面使用。- 我声明了所有中断的默认处理程序和重置处理程序 - 我声明了我的 MCU 所需的所有中断处理程序。请注意,这些函数只是默认处理程序的别名,即当它们中的任何一个被调用时,默认处理程序将被调用。它们也被声明为星期,因此您可以通过代码覆盖它们。如果您需要任何处理程序,则在代码中重新声明它,您的代码将被链接。如果您不需要它们中的任何一个,则只需一个默认值,您无需执行任何操作。默认处理程序的结构应该是这样的,如果您的应用程序需要一个处理程序但您没有实现它,它将帮助您调试代码,或者恢复系统(如果它在野外)。- 我得到了链接描述文件中声明的 __stack 符号。向量表中需要它。- 我定义表本身。请注意,第一个条目是指向堆栈开头的指针,其他条目是指向处理程序的指针。- 最后,我为默认处理程序和重置处理程序提供了一个简单的实现。请注意,重置处理程序是在重置后调用的处理程序,它调用启动代码。
请记住,向量表中的属性((section())) 是绝对需要的,因此链接器会将表放置在正确的位置(通常地址为 0x00000000)。
上述文件需要进行哪些修改。
- 包括 MCU 的 CMSIS 文件
- 如果您修改链接描述文件,请更改节名称
- 更改向量表条目以匹配您的 MCU
- 更改处理程序原型以匹配您的 MCU
系统调用
由于我使用newlib,它需要你提供一些功能的实现。您可以实现 printf、scanf 等,但它们不是必需的。我个人只提供以下内容:
malloc 需要的 _sbrk。(无需修改)
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <errno.h>
caddr_t __attribute__((used)) _sbrk(int incr)
{
extern char __heap_start__; // Defined by the linker.
extern char __heap_end__; // Defined by the linker.
static char* current_heap_end;
char* current_block_address;
if (current_heap_end == 0)
{
current_heap_end = &__heap_start__;
}
current_block_address = current_heap_end;
// Need to align heap to word boundary, else will get
// hard faults on Cortex-M0. So we assume that heap starts on
// word boundary, hence make sure we always add a multiple of
// 4 to it.
incr = (incr + 3) & (~3); // align value to 4
if (current_heap_end + incr > &__heap_end__)
{
// Heap has overflowed
errno = ENOMEM;
return (caddr_t) - 1;
}
current_heap_end += incr;
return (caddr_t) current_block_address;
}
_exit,这不是必需的,但我喜欢这个主意。(您可能只需要修改 CMSIS 包含)。
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include "stm32f10x.h"
void __attribute__((noreturn, used)) _exit(int code)
{
(void) code;
NVIC_SystemReset();
while(1);
}
启动代码
最后是启动代码!
#include <stdint.h>
#include "stm32f10x.h"
#include "gpio.h"
#include "flash.h"
/** Main program entry point. */
extern int main(void);
/** Exit system call. */
extern void _exit(int code);
/** Initializes the data section. */
static void __attribute__((always_inline)) __initialize_data (unsigned int* from, unsigned int* region_begin, unsigned int* region_end);
/** Initializes the BSS section. */
static void __attribute__((always_inline)) __initialize_bss (unsigned int* region_begin, unsigned int* region_end);
/** Start-up code. */
void __attribute__ ((section(".after_vectors"), noreturn, used)) _start(void);
void _start (void)
{
//Before switching on the main oscillator and the PLL,
//and getting to higher and dangerous frequencies,
//configuration of the flash controller is necessary.
//Enable the flash prefetch buffer. Can be achieved when CCLK
//is lower than 24MHz.
Flash_prefetchBuffer(1);
//Set latency to 2 clock cycles. Necessary for setting the clock
//to the maximum 72MHz.
Flash_setLatency(2);
// Initialize hardware right after configuring flash, to switch
//clock to higher frequency and have the rest of the
//initializations run faster.
SystemInit();
// Copy the DATA segment from Flash to RAM (inlined).
__initialize_data(&__textdata__, &__data_start__, &__data_end__);
// Zero fill the BSS section (inlined).
__initialize_bss(&__bss_start__, &__bss_end__);
//Core is running normally, RAM and FLASH are initialized
//properly, now the system must be fully functional.
//Update the SystemCoreClock variable.
SystemCoreClockUpdate();
// Call the main entry point, and save the exit code.
int code = main();
//Main should never return. If it does, let the system exit gracefully.
_exit (code);
// Should never reach this, _exit() should have already
// performed a reset.
while(1);
}
static inline void __initialize_data (unsigned int* from, unsigned int* region_begin, unsigned int* region_end)
{
// Iterate and copy word by word.
// It is assumed that the pointers are word aligned.
unsigned int *p = region_begin;
while (p < region_end)
*p++ = *from++;
}
static inline void __initialize_bss (unsigned int* region_begin, unsigned int* region_end)
{
// Iterate and clear word by word.
// It is assumed that the pointers are word aligned.
unsigned int *p = region_begin;
while (p < region_end)
*p++ = 0;
}
这里发生了什么。
- 首先,我配置 Flash 控制器,因为这是我的 MCU 需要的,然后再更改频率。您可以在此处添加任何非常基本的和需要的硬件代码。请注意,此处放置的代码不应访问 RAM 中的任何全局变量,因为它们尚未初始化。另请注意,MCU 仍以低频率运行,因此仅调用绝对需要的。
- 然后我调用 CMSIS 函数 SystemInit()。这有点便携,这就是我使用它的原因。它主要处理核心,而不是 MCU 本身,在我的具体实现中,它只启用 PLL,并将 MCU 设置为其最终高频。您可以用更高效的代码替换它,但这没什么大不了的。
- 既然 MCU 速度很快,下一步就是初始化 RAM。很直接。
- MCU 现已启动并正常运行。我只是调用 CMSIS 函数 SystemCoreClockUpdate(),因为我在代码中使用了 SystemCoreClock 变量,但它不是必需的,只是我的偏好。
- 最后我调用主函数。您的应用程序现在可以正常执行。
- 如果 main 返回,调用 _exit() 是一个很好的做法,可以重新启动系统。
或多或少就是这样。
cortex-ms 与全尺寸手臂不同,使用矢量表。它们也没有模式和存储寄存器。对于事件/中断,它们符合 ARM 编码标准。这意味着您需要的最低限度,但是您选择得到它,地址为零的第一个字是堆栈指针的初始值,第二个字是复位时要跳转到的地址。使用汇编指令很容易做到。
.globl _start
_start:
.word 0x20001000
.word main
但是,只要前两个单词具有正确的值,您就可以做任何您想做的事情。请注意,用于分支的拇指地址已设置 lsbit。它实际上并不是地址的一部分,它只是表明我们(保持)处于拇指模式。
您必须使用某些东西来消耗这四个字节,但是如果您有一些其他代码用于设置堆栈指针,则不必使用向量表,它将加载您放在那里的内容,然后您可以随时更改它。虽然不像全尺寸/旧臂,但只有一个堆栈指针。
启动这个词非常模糊,所以我本可以用这些指令覆盖它,或者根据你的意思,它可能需要你花费数千行 C 代码来完成你的微控制器的启动。
Esp 使用 STM32,您必须为要使用的外设启用时钟,您必须根据您希望它们执行的操作对它们进行配置等等。与任何其他微控制器并没有什么不同,除了每个供应商和产品系列都有不同的逻辑和不同的初始化方式。
来自制造商的启动文件通常设计为支持 C 编译器环境。这将包括很多与设置内存映射、零初始化内存、初始化变量和设置启动(重置向量)相关的内容。
一些启动文件还将包括设置中断向量和中断控制器,尽管我使用过的某些环境在单独的汇编语言文件中具有此功能。
有时在启动文件中会看到复杂性,因为基于 CPU 架构支持不同的模型。这些模型可能被命名为“紧凑”和“大型”。
您所要求的最少的方式将几乎完全取决于您的需求。因此,真正归结为全面了解您的架构、所需的环境以及您的平台如何工作。然后,您可以缩减供应商提供的文件以满足您的需求,或者从头开始编写自己的文件。
但是,综上所述,如果你打算用 C 编写代码,你最好不要管启动代码,只需为编程模型进行设置,然后将代码集中在从 main() 开始。