tseries::arma与之相比，存在三个小问题stats::arima，导致在 ARMA 模型中tseries::arma使用stats::arima.
系数的起始值：stats::arima将初始 AR 和 MA 系数设置为零，同时tseries::arma使用 Hannan 和 Rissanen (1982) 中描述的程序来获取系数的初始值。
目标函数的尺度：目标函数tseries::arma返回条件平方和的值，RSS；stats::arima返回0.5*log(RSS/(n-ncond))。
优化算法：默认情况下，Nelder-Mead 用于tseries::arma，而stats::arima采用 BFGS 算法。
最后一个可以通过参数更改optim.method，stats::arima但其他需要修改代码。下面，我展示了源代码的精简版本（此特定模型的最小代码），stats::arima其中修改了上述三个问题，使其与tseries::arma. 解决这些问题后，得到与中相同的结果tseries::arma。
最小版本stats::arima（具有上述更改）：
# objective function, conditional sum of squares
# adapted from "armaCSS" in stats::arima
armaCSS <- function(p, x, arma, ncond)
{
# this does nothing, except returning the vector of coefficients as a list
trarma <- .Call(stats:::C_ARIMA_transPars, p, arma, FALSE)
res <- .Call(stats:::C_ARIMA_CSS, x, arma, trarma[[1L]], trarma[[2L]], as.integer(ncond), FALSE)
# return the conditional sum of squares instead of 0.5*log(res),
# actually CSS is divided by n-ncond but does not relevant in this case
#0.5 * log(res)
res
}
# initial values of coefficients
# adapted from function "arma.init" within tseries::arma
arma.init <- function(dx, max.order, lag.ar=NULL, lag.ma=NULL)
{
n <- length(dx)
k <- round(1.1*log(n))
e <- as.vector(na.omit(drop(ar.ols(dx, order.max = k, aic = FALSE, demean = FALSE, intercept = FALSE)$resid)))
ee <- embed(e, max.order+1)
xx <- embed(dx[-(1:k)], max.order+1)
return(lm(xx[,1]~xx[,lag.ar+1]+ee[,lag.ma+1]-1)$coef)
}
# modified version of stats::arima
modified.arima <- function(x, order, seasonal, init)
{
n <- length(x)
arma <- as.integer(c(order[-2L], seasonal$order[-2L], seasonal$period, order[2L], seasonal$order[2L]))
narma <- sum(arma[1L:4L])
ncond <- order[2L] + seasonal$order[2L] * seasonal$period
ncond1 <- order[1L] + seasonal$period * seasonal$order[1L]
ncond <- as.integer(ncond + ncond1)
optim(init, armaCSS, method = "Nelder-Mead", hessian = TRUE, x=x, arma=arma, ncond=ncond)$par
}
现在，比较两个过程并检查是否产生相同的结果（需要x问题正文中由 OP 生成的系列）。
使用在 中选择的初始值tseries::arima：
dx <- diff(x)
fit1 <- arma(dx, order=c(3,3), include.intercept=FALSE)
coef(fit1)
# ar1 ar2 ar3 ma1 ma2 ma3
# 0.33139827 0.80013071 -0.45177254 0.67331027 -0.14600320 -0.08931003
init <- arma.init(diff(x), 3, 1:3, 1:3)
fit2.coef <- modified.arima(x, order=c(3,1,3), seasonal=list(order=c(0,0,0), period=1), init=init)
fit2.coef
# xx[, lag.ar + 1]1 xx[, lag.ar + 1]2 xx[, lag.ar + 1]3 ee[, lag.ma + 1]1
# 0.33139827 0.80013071 -0.45177254 0.67331027
# ee[, lag.ma + 1]2 ee[, lag.ma + 1]3
# -0.14600320 -0.08931003
all.equal(coef(fit1), fit2.coef, check.attributes=FALSE)
# [1] TRUE
使用stats::arima（零）中选择的初始值：
fit3 <- arma(dx, order=c(3,3), include.intercept=FALSE, coef=rep(0,6))
coef(fit3)
# ar1 ar2 ar3 ma1 ma2 ma3
# 0.33176424 0.79999112 -0.45215742 0.67304072 -0.14592152 -0.08900624
init <- rep(0, 6)
fit4.coef <- modified.arima(x, order=c(3,1,3), seasonal=list(order=c(0,0,0), period=1), init=init)
fit4.coef
# [1] 0.33176424 0.79999112 -0.45215742 0.67304072 -0.14592152 -0.08900624
all.equal(coef(fit3), fit4.coef, check.attributes=FALSE)
# [1] TRUE